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 ARRANGEMENTS........................5
legal form,  arrangements  that are inappropriate and the notion of these type of arrangements 1014
legal form, arrangements that are inappropriate and the notion of these type of  arrangements  1014
beneficial ownership status in a wide variety of  arrangements . For example, an obligation of a 1022
Furthermore, subsection () contains rules that deem certain relationships or  arrangements  1062
 arrangements  and institutions are deemed to be trusts and a person with an absolute or 1806
 
 ARRIVING............................1
issue in  arriving  at this result, the French version of paragraph ()(e) and (f) make clear 774
 
 ART.................................10
and that such phrase was a term of  art . He added that in the absence of earlier authority, a 680
 Art . C.C.Q. 1756
 Art . C.C.Q. 1758
 Art . C.C.Q. 1760
It is implicit in  art . C.C.Q. that ownership itself is a real right.1760
 Art . C.C.Q. 1762
 Art . C.C.Q. See also FORTIN, ibid. 1780
 Art . , C.C.Q. 1802
 Art . C.C.Q. 1816
 Art . , C.C.Q. 1836
 
 ARTICLE.............................6
does not exist.  Article  of the C.C.Q. contemplates the reservation of a power to appoint 484
beneficiaries. Although the power to appoint terminology is used, if the  article  were referring 484
appropriate way to describe the person who, in  article  C.C.Q., is described as a 486
beneficiary. It is submitted that despite the power to appoint terminology,  article  , in 488
favourable tax treaty may be disregarded. For example, paragraph of  article  X of the 952
particular,  article  C.C.Q. provides that the settlor may reserve for himself the power to 1368
 
 ASSESSED............................1
alternatively, too much tax may be  assessed  as the trust and the settlor may have different 1466
 
 ASSESSING...........................2
to  assessing  whether the beneficiary has a sufficiently direct interest in the trust fund such that 172
This change in beneficial ownership of the trust property is of significance in  assessing  the tax 308
 
 ASSESSMENT..........................1
the beneficial owner of a particular property. The second context involves an  assessment  of 100
 
 ASSET...............................1
of a foreclosure by transferring beneficial ownership of an  asset , but not legal ownership, to the 1050
 
 ASSETS..............................12
The default beneficiaries have a beneficial interest in the trust  assets . Consequently, they 136
the beneficiaries of a discretionary trust are not entitled to any specific part of the trust  assets  460
subsidiary to deal with its  assets . 634
beneficial owner of the trust  assets . Admittedly, the application of this analytical framework is 732
any rights against the  assets  of the trust. The only rights afforded to a beneficiary are personal 734
the  assets  of the trust. For this reason, paragraph ()(f) was enacted. Recall that the 736
As I have indicated above, it is my opinion that a purchaser has acquired  assets  of a class in 1182
Schedule B when title has passed, assuming that the  assets  exist at that time, or when the 1182
value of the trust  assets  from the time they were acquired by X to the time they were rolled into 1404
settlor of a self-benefit trust dies, the trust is deemed to dispose of all of the trust  assets  for fair 1416
deemed to reacquire those  assets  immediately after that day for an amount equal to their fair 1418
of the underlying capital  assets  less the trusts liabilities. The interaction of these provisions is 1436
 
 ASSIMILATED.........................2
In Roman law, the concept of ownership was  assimilated  to a right in rem, i.e., exercisable 146
certain enumerated civil law property interests were  assimilated  to beneficial ownership for the 1106
 
 ASSIMILATION........................1
prior to the transfer but not afterwards. However, this is predicated on an  assimilation  of the 342
 
 ASSISTANCE..........................1
subparagraph ()(f)(iii). Consequently, there is very little interpretative  assistance  available. 398
 
 ASSOCIATED..........................3
up rights or has been relieved of obligations  associated  with beneficial ownership. If the answer 272
One potential drawback  associated  with this solution is the possible effect in the common law 1544
the issues  associated  with the term beneficial ownership. In addition, a deeming rule for the 1642
 
 ASSOCIATING.........................1
Arguably, there is nothing inherently wrong with  associating  the transfer of the incidents of 1192
 
 ASSOCIATION.........................1
Colloque no. , Les Fiducies,  Association  de planification fiscale et financière, May and 1854
 
 ASSUME..............................4
be explored in the context of an example.  Assume  the settlor of a self-benefit trust retains a 132
Consider the scenario put forth earlier.  Assume  the settlor of a self-benefit trust retains a power 386
Instead of potential appointees,  assume  the trust has discretionary beneficiaries. In describing 492
base (ACB) and () its cost amount less certain prescribed deductions.  Assume  the cost 1426
 
 ASSUMING............................5
beneficiary status  assuming  a sufficiently direct connection and that, arguably, beneficiary status 752
property.  Assuming  C and D each have a right as a beneficiary under the Trust for purposes 870
consider the entire class of discretionary beneficiaries,  assuming  they are all sui juris, as 920
Schedule B when title has passed,  assuming  that the assets exist at that time, or when the 1182
determine the capital gain realized on this deemed disposition.  Assuming  the ACB of the capital 1444
 
 ASSUMPTION..........................1
relevant, except with respect to the  assumption  of risk. 1190
 
 ASSURE..............................1
in a unilateral fashion to  assure  itself that the benefits of the convention do not profit nationals or 1010
 
 ATTAINMENT..........................1
meaning of the statute, best ensures the  attainment  of its objectives. Here, we have seen that 446
 
 ATTEMPT.............................3
Subsection () differs from subsection (), which reflects an  attempt  by the legislature 250
 attempt  by Parliament to define, in relation to the Province of Québec, the circumstances in 790
law. Yet, the  attempt  by Parliament to harmonize the two systems with a view to providing fair 1162
 
 ATTEMPTS............................4
Subsection (), in effect,  attempts  to equate certain Québec private law institutions with the 60
been jurisprudential  attempts  by non-Canadian Courts to define the concept in the tax treaty 960
Paragraph ()(f)  attempts  to do this by way of a deeming rule, but is not entirely effective, 1242
concept of beneficial ownership. For these reasons, any approach that  attempts  to equate 1252
 
 ATTRIBUTE...........................1
of the trust is thus ownerless. It may, therefore, not be possible to  attribute  to the trust 854
 
 ATTRIBUTES..........................3
law trust that divides the  attributes  of ownership vesting the right of management and 160
property, the CCRA has stated possession, use and risk are the primary  attributes  of beneficial 284
inter alia, specifically defining the  attributes  of ownership, such as possession, use and risk, and 1688
 
 AUGUST..............................1
Computation (  August  ) at para. . 1744
 
 AUSTIN..............................1
elucidate a civilian approach to property. It was  Austin  who incorporated them into common 150
 
 AUTHOR..............................14
 Author : Mark D. Brender 2
actions the beneficiary can take. One common law  author  describes the beneficial owner of 330
the beneficial owner of property. In the  author s view, where the phrase right as a 404
context. In the  author s view, it is arguable that such an approach is inappropriate. The scheme 698
whether the property belongs to a Québec civil law trust. In the  author s view, a Court would 888
However, in the  author s view, the proper application of the decision is to restrict it to situations 1026
provinces. While this may have been the purpose, at least one  author  is of the opinion that 1076
this is not the effect. In fact, the  author  holds that subsection () puts Québec 1076
beneficial ownership is not, in the  author s view, the preferred approach. Although the defined 1254
Justice (Chapter , p. ) and this  author  agrees with the view expressed by Me Bruneau. In 1366
()(a). In the  author s view, the ambit of subsection () is so far reaching that the 1520
its fair market value. In the  author s view, these provisions could achieve the intended results by 1564
In the  author s view, the expression beneficial ownership used in subsection () is arguably 1608
It is not evident to this  author  what the tax policy justification is for limiting share-for-share 1638
 
 AUTHORITIES.........................1
shares of the Dutch company. Similar to Aiken Industries, the Swiss  authorities  refused the 996
 
 AUTHORITY...........................1
and that such phrase was a term of art. He added that in the absence of earlier  authority , a 680
 
 AUTHORS.............................1
subject to the power of appointment. Other  authors  agree with Brown that a potential 1550
 
 AUTOMATICALLY.......................1
not follow  automatically  that because the usufructuary, for example, is deemed to be beneficially 748
 
 AUTONOMOUS..........................1
patrimony is  autonomous  and distinct from that of the trustees and beneficiaries and the property 852
 
 AVAIL...............................1
beneficial ownership becomes a certainty. Persons seeking to  avail  themselves of subsection 1080
 
 AVAILABLE...........................9
subparagraph ()(f)(iii). Consequently, there is very little interpretative assistance  available . 398
to subsection (.). That is to say, rollover treatment may be  available  in respect of the 546
rollover treatment for property transferred to a trust is only  available  where immediately after the 554
respective shares of Forco I to Forco II. Query whether a rollover is  available  to X and the 912
which case the rollover would not be  available  to X or the trust. However, if it is incorrect to 924
 available . Immediately after the exchange, X and persons that do not deal at arms length with 934
 available  to X or the trust. While the same result may be obtained if subparagraph 944
would be  available  to its creditors and would not belong to its parent. 1036
right or interest of a creditor. Protection of this same sort is not  available  in Québec. A creditor 1054

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